How Climate Change Affects Poultry Production in Asia-Pacific Region?

MAJOR IMPACT AREAS OF CLIMATE CHANGE -- AND WHAT TO DO ABOUT THEM

A) Feed Quality

Excessive heat, droughts, or floods can reduce crop yields, decrease nutritional content, and increase the risk of pests, pathogens, and weed outbreaks.

Plants with a C₃ photosynthetic pathway such as wheat, rice, or soybean can benefit from increased temperature more than the so-called C₄ plants such as corn or sorghum (Cui, 2021). NASA projections show corn crop yields are expected to decline 24% in the next 30 years (Gray, 2021).

Moreover, increased temperature, shifts in rainfall patterns, and elevated surface greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations can also lead to lower grain protein concentration (Godde, 2010; Myers, 2014), as well as affect mineral and vitamin concentrations in plants.

Pollinator-dependent crops like soybean or rapeseed could also see decreased yield under climatic challenges (Godde, 2020). Warmer temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns can create favorable conditions for the growth of mycotoxins, leading to reduced feed quality and health problems in poultry. Especially corn and sorghum are vulnerable to aflatoxin contamination in hot and humid conditions. On top of this, storage will become more challenging as pathogen growth will further erode feed quality.

A.1 - Actions

• Diversification of feed sources: Exploring alternative feed ingredients that are less reliant on climate-sensitive crops can help mitigate the impact of changing weather patterns on feed availability and costs.
• Mycotoxin mitigation: Not all toxin mitigation solutions are created equal. Choose standardized toxins mitigation solutions based on their efficacy instead of upfront cost. The products that are regularly tested against undesirable and harmful impurities like dioxins, dioxins-like PCBs and heavy metals.

 

B) Genetics

Rising temperatures may lead to reduced fertility and hatchability, affecting the overall health and reproductive performance of chickens. Extreme heat can also impact the expression of genes related to growth, feed efficiency, and resistance to diseases. As a result, poultry breeders and geneticists face the challenge of developing more heat-tolerant poultry breeds to ensure sustainable production under changing climatic conditions.

B.1 - Action

• Genetic selection for thermotolerance: Breeding programs can focus on developing more heat-tolerant chicken breeds that exhibit improved performance and resilience in challenging climatic conditions. Producers need to pay attention to the specifics of the breed's genetic makeup.

 

C) Farm Management

C.1 - Solving for Thermal Comfort: Electricity Costs 

The thermal comfort of livestock is no longer a concern for tropical zones only. Temperate zones are also seeing sustained increases in ambient temperatures.

High temperatures and prolonged heat waves increase electricity consumption as farmers rely on ventilation, cooling systems, and artificial lighting to maintain optimal conditions for chickens. Consequently, energy costs will rise, impacting the profitability of poultry farms.

C.2 - Solving for Water Availability: Resource Management

Water scarcity, changing precipitation patterns, and droughts can limit the availability of water resources, affecting poultry farms' water consumption and overall operational efficiency.

The quality of water is also an increasing concern. The UN states that "higher water temperatures and more frequent floods and droughts are projected to exacerbate many forms of water pollution - from sediments to pathogens and pesticides." Reduced raw water quality "can decrease animal water intake, feed intake and health" (Valente-Campos, 2019). Especially in Asia and Africa, which have seen massive increases in floods and droughts, respectively, water scarcity and quality will pose severe issues.

C.1.1 - Actions

• Improved farm management practices: Implementing energy-efficient systems, such as solar power and energy-saving technologies, can reduce electricity consumption and associated costs. Water management techniques, such as rainwater harvesting and efficient irrigation systems, can help mitigate the impact of water scarcity. As always, strict biosecurity will play a critical role.
• Enhanced ventilation and cooling systems: Upgrading ventilation systems and implementing efficient cooling mechanisms can alleviate heat stress on chickens, enhancing their overall health and productivity. Regular maintenance and sensor technologies also play an important preventive role.

 

D) Built-Up and Human Capital Risk

In high-risk areas, machinery, electricity networks, telecommunications, building infrastructure in general can be impacted by extreme weather events, rising sea levels, etc. (Nardone, 2010)

Labor availability and productivity might, on the other hand, be impacted in many areas. Decrease outbreaks, including new strains, as well as decreased air quality, extreme events, etc.  might in the future contribute to labor shortages. The number of unsafe hot workdays is expected to double by 2050, which will impact especially rural India, sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia (Carlin, 2023).

D.1 - Actions

• Climate-resilient infrastructure: Investing in resilient infrastructure, such as elevated coops, flood-resistant buildings, or disease surveillance technology can minimize the risk of incidents from weather events and can support early action against disease pressure. Investments in smart farming can also relieve pressure on labor and improve speed of action.
• Insurability and Loan Math: Any future-looking business needs to work with the likelihood business needs to work with the likelihood of increased insurance costs and higher insurability requirements. Also, a point will come at which non-resilient infrastructure will not be financed

 

E) Animal Performance

While colder areas will benefit from reduced house heating and ventilation needs, warm areas will be at increased risk. A hot environment "impairs production (growth, meat and milk yield & quality, egg yield, weight, and quality) and reproductive performance, metabolic and health status, and immune response" (Nardone, 2010; Ali, 2020).

The proliferation of pathogens in warm environments will pose further challenges. Antibiotic resistance from attempts to control these issues will only compound the problem.

Additionally, as mentioned before, changes in weather patterns can impact crop yields, including the availability and affordability of feed ingredients for chickens. Producers will have to reformulate often to match availability, cost, and nutritional value.

 

E.1 - Action

• Stress and pathogenic impact mitigation solutions: Phytogenic feed additives can support poultry gut health and strengthen the immune response when confronted with stress factors, including heat stress, humid environments, pen density, and pathogen pressure. With the added benefit of reducing dependence on antibiotics and other medication, they can naturally stimulate or support a healthy response to challenges.

 

F) On- and Off- Farm Logistics

Transportation is also affected all along the supply chain, from bringing feed or young stock to the farm to moving livestock to processing facilities and further distribution along the chain. Extreme weather events, such as floods, hurricanes, etc, can lead to power outages and/or disrupt transportation routes and infrastructure, hindering the timely delivery of chicks, feed, and other essential supplies to poultry farms.

In addition to the challenge of transportation, packaging will soon fall under regulatory scrutiny. Sustainability requirements may be national, but compliance will have to follow across borders for any producers eyeing international markets.

F.1 - Action

• Data is your friend: Transportation and logistics data can help improve efficiency and reduce your environmental impact. Start tracking fuel consumption, carbon emissions, transportation  costs, and other relevant metrics to identify areas for optimization.

 

The impact of climate change on genetics, farm management, animal performance, farm logistics, and transportation necessitate proactive adaptation and mitigation strategies. By implementing sustainable practices across the board and investing in resilient infrastructure, poultry producers can maintain a robust, high-performing, sustainable production system.

 

References:

Bernabucci, Umberto. "Climate change: impact on livestock and how can we adapt". Animal Frontiers, Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2019, Pages 3-5, https://doi.org/10/1093/af/vfy039

Carlin, David et.al. "Climate Risks in the Agriculture Sector" UN Environment Programme, March 2023, https://www.unepfi.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Agriculture-Sector-Risks-Briefing.pdf

OECD FAO, Agricultural Outlook 2022-2032, https://www.oecd.org/publications/oecd-fao-agricultural-outlook-19991142.htm